Romeo And Juliet-Comparison Essay Essays - , Term Papers

Romeo And Juliet-Comparison Essay Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare and Romeo and Juliet interpreted by Zeffirelli are two versions of a classic tale of two young lovers. In reading Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet and viewing Zeffirelli's Romeo and Juliet one becomes aware of many differences between them. Although the basic storyline remains the same, the differences are obvious. These differences can be found in the setting, characters and their speeches, and the culmination of the story. These differences between the versions produce two entirely different interpretations of the story. Zeffirelli changed the story by changing important scene by use of omitting characters or switching the order of the events. For example in Act V, when the Prince gave his final speech, Friar Laurence was supposed to be present to give his own confession, but was left out by Zeffirelli's version. This left the explanation of why the lover's were truly dead for the watchers to question. Shakespeare had Montague raise a statue in Juliet's honor, signifying the end of their feud. Zeffirelli, on the other hand, chose only to show the two lords together making for a weaker end. The omission of characters from important scene was not the only change noted between the two. Zeffirelli also took poetic license in the creation of Romeo and Juliet. He gave his lines to characters when in Shakespeare they were spoken by another. This was shown during the party scene, Act I, scene V when Lord Capulet was to rebuke Tybalt and call him?.......saucy boy.........? The line was instead given to Lady Capulet. This exchange of lines between the characters does not always help in the understanding of the story. The use of adding lines to characters created different personalities and gave the characters greater insight than in Shakespeare's version. It added in helping understand the character's motives more. Zeffirelli also had some positive differences than that of Shakespeare. Since the setting was in the same time period as Shakespeare's rendition the reader could visualize the environment and dress of the era. This made the characters and story more life-like than trying to picture it from a written page. Zeffirelli also ?fleshed-out? the characters, giving them more depth and emotion than in Romeo and Juliet. This is shown when the nurse goes to Juliet and finds her ?dead.? She runs out of Juliet's chamber screaming and flailing her arms in a frenzy. The audience was able to interact with the characters and their emotions by seeing Romeo and Juliet visually, also making the language more understandable. An example of this is when Romeo kills himself and Juliet sees him, hears guards, and you are able to see Juliet frantic. As a result of this, the scene is made more complete, causing the audience to experience greater tension than reading the play. Even though Zeffirelli gave more definition to some characters, Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet was more enjoyable. Although he did not give as much information as to what was happening, he allowed the reader more freedom to interpret the situations on their own. Without the reader having readShakespeare's Romeo and Juliet most of the symbolism in Zeffirelli's version would not have been understood. The two different authors used a variety of techniques to change the story or to have the audience understand the siuations. Though they may seem different at times, the storyline never changes, it always remains about two young lovers who tragically die as a result of snap-decisions.

Effect Of Physiological Measures Across Psychological Conditions Psychology Essay Essay Example

Effect Of Physiological Measures Across Psychological Conditions Psychology Essay Essay Example Effect Of Physiological Measures Across Psychological Conditions Psychology Essay Essay Effect Of Physiological Measures Across Psychological Conditions Psychology Essay Essay We assessed the conditions of rousing by utilizing Thayer s activation-deactivation adjectival checklist ( AD-ACL ) to separate between the physiological and psychological which we expected some important difference within energy and tenseness, and no important difference between bosom rate and tegument conductance rousing. Elevated rousing was associated with exercising, relaxation, and practical environment conditions to rise the bosom rate, skin conductance, energy and tenseness. To look into this conditions, experience trying methods were used with a more typical exercising ( cycling motorcycle ) , relaxation ( piece of music ) , and practical environment ( project practical rollercoaster ) protocol. Overall participants were 75 university pupils from 2nd twelvemonth psychological science categories. In add-on, participants were asked to finish the AD ACL before each status, and instantly after a 3 proceedingss prosecuting in a motorcycle exercising, listening to a piece of music, and watching the practical rollercoaster in a category scene. Introduction How do you experience? It is a inquiry that is frequently asked, but ever finds it hard to reply. If one tries to depict how one feels when one is angry or afraid or happy, one will likely utilize physiological descriptions for the feeling. We experience assorted physiologic alterations when we are sing emotion, and there is clearly a strong connexion between the reactions of our physiologic and psychological. Numerous research workers have suggested that rousing theory could organize the footing of theory of emotion, given that rousing is a non-specific physiological stimulation, rising an single consciousness. Mandler ( 1982 ) suggested that the break of ongoing idea procedures is sufficient to trip the autonomic nervous system ( ANS ) . This province is by and large known as physiological rousing which has been labelled based on a cognitive reading of the stimulation. Arousal has been defined as a province of mental preparedness for activity . Arousal is mediated in the cardinal nervous system ( CNS ) through the reticulate formation. Arousal may attest in low or high, low degrees of rousing indicate low degree of activity in the reticulate formation and the country of the cerebral mantle to which it undertaking. High degree of arousal provinces, exhilaration, and terror, these are the equivalents of high nervous rousing. Eysenck ( 1967 ) proposed that people can be described as being either introverted or extroverted. From the biological position, an extravert will seek more stimulation than an introvert because their rousing system requires more stimulation to go aroused. Arousal has besides been linked to cognitive and affectional procedures such as information processing and attitude formation ( Holbrook and Hirschman 1982 ; Singh and Churchill 1987 ) . Thayer ( 1967 ) argues that rousing is in fact a multidimensional procedure. Harmonizing to Thayer s later works ( 1986 ) , rousing is viewed as being composed of four dimensions known every bit high activation ( HA ) ( tenseness ) , general activation ( GA ) ( energy ) , general inactivation ( GD ) ( composure ) , and inactivation slumber ( DS ) ( weariness ) . In this survey planar theoretical account of rousing proposed by Thayer are traveling to be examined, high activation ( tenseness ) , and general activation ( energy ) . These two signifiers of rousing have been labelled tense and energetic. Tense rousing is a continuum runing from composure to anxiousness, and energetic rousing is a continuum runing from fatigue to energy ( Matthews, Jones, A ; Chamberlain, 1990 ; Thayer, 1967, 1978b ) . Energetic rousing has been found to be associated with better public presentation on undertakings such as watchfulness, ocular hunt, and consecutive reaction clip, whereas tense rousing does non look to impact public presentation on these undertakings ( Matthews A ; Westerman, 1994 ) . The purpose of the present surveies was to look into the utility of doing a farther differentiation between the two-dimensions of rousing. The other has to make with the features relationship between extroversion and invagination rousing ( physiological ) and public presentation. Method In this survey, we start of by roll uping informations from 75 pupils from the University of Bedfordshire 2nd twelvemonth of psychological science pupils during their tutorial categories. The pupils were assigned to three conditions ( relaxation, exercising, and practical environment ) in a group of two. In each group one pupil was the experimenter while the other was the participant. Merely 39 % ( n = 29 ) of the pupils completed the 3 conditions due to hapless pupils attended, so 46 participants were excluded due to their informations being inconclusive. The participants engaged in the experimental conditions during the biological and cognitive tutorials which took about 5 hebdomads. Before each status could be attempted or measured participant were asked to enter their bosom rate and tegument conductance ( GSR ) by utilizing an IBM compatible computing machine with a power lab 26T informations acquisition system by attaching the finger pulse transducer to their fingers to mensurate the bosom rate and finger electrodes to mensurate the voltaic tegument response ( GSR ) . The bosom rate and the tegument conductance ( GSR ) were recorded before and after participant engaged in any of the three conditions. Thayer s ( 1967 ) Activation Deactivation Adjective Checklist ( AD-ACL ) a self study measuring tool was used to measure participant feelings of rousing. Thayer s adjectival checklist is a four dimensions of affectional infinite energy ( subscale points: active, energetic, vigorous, lively, full-of-pep ) , fatigue ( sleepy, tired, drowsy, wide-awake, wakeful ) , composure ( placid, composure, at-rest, still, quiet ) , and tenseness ( jittery, intense, fearful, clutched-up, tense ) . In all cases, we used the short signifier of AD-ACL which assessed two of the subscales ( Energy rousing and Tension rousing ) , participants were to react to these points by bespeaking how they felt before and after the three conditions. Verbal consent was given to the pupils ( experimenters A ; participants ) as a signifier of blessing by the seminar lector to execute their research ( relaxation, exercising A ; practical environment conditions ) in one of the psychological science research research lab. Students were approached within their tutorial periods and provided an overview of the probe. On the 2nd hebdomad ( tutorial started at hebdomad 2 ) of the experiment, participants completed the AD-ACL before prosecuting in a three proceedingss exercise status and the experimenters were to take base line tonss for bosom rates ( HR ) , skin conductance ( GSR ) , energy and tenseness of participants who would so finish a mild exercising status by cycling for three proceedingss on a Monark 817E exercising motorcycle. Immediately after the three proceedingss exercise status the experimenter so reconnected participants to power lab 26T informations acquisition system to roll up all the basal line tonss measuring once more. The experimenters so scored the baseline result and recorded the consequences, while participants completed the after exercising status AD-ACL. The information that was recorded for exercising status were to be analysed for important addition in bosom rate ( HR ) , skin conductance ( GSR ) , and important difference in energy and tenseness. Week three of the experiment, participants one time once more complete the AD-ACL before prosecuting on the 2nd status which was relaxation status. The experimenters were to take base line tonss for bosom rate ( HR ) , skin conductance ( GSR ) , energy and tenseness of the participants who so underwent a short relaxation status by listening to a 3 proceedingss 40 seconds unagitated piece of music. Directly after the piece of music for the relaxation status finished, the experimenters so reconnected participants to power lab 26T informations acquisition system once more and took all the basal line tonss once more. The experimenters so scored the baseline result and recorded the consequences, while participants completed the after relaxation status AD-ACL. The base line informations recorded for relaxation status were to be analysed for important difference in bosom rate ( HR ) , skin conductance ( GSR ) , and important decrease in energy and tenseness. On the 4th hebdomad, participants completed the AD-ACL before prosecuting in another status which was practical environment. The experimenters were to roll up another status base line mark for bosom rate ( HR ) , skin conductance ( GSR ) , energy and tenseness of the participants before the participants sat in forepart of a projector screen and experienced a computerised rollercoaster simulation drive. The simulation drive was taken from practical package which is called no bounds rollercoaster the practical environment simulation took 2 proceedingss. Immediately after the two proceedingss practical environment simulation drive finished, the experimenter so reconnected participants to power lab 26T informations acquisition system to roll up all the basal line tonss measuring once more. The experimenters so scored the baseline result and recorded the consequences, while participants completed the after practical environment status AD-ACL. The base line informations that was recorded for practical environment status were to be analysed for skin conductance ( GSR ) important low, and energy was to be significantly higher, whereas bosom rate ( HR ) and tenseness should non demo any important difference. Experiment informations aggregation occurred for the following four hebdomads, at the terminal of all conditions experimenters gave their informations sheets to the seminar lector. The consequences from all the groups were combined and placed on a SPSS dataset which were so made available via BREO ( the university intranet ) so that the informations can be analysed for ANOVAs and correlativities. Consequence Hypothesis 1- comparing the relationship between measurings across the 3 conditions: Relaxation status: The correlativities between HR vs.GSR measuring is non important ( r = 0.08, P gt ; 0.05 ) . This consequence supports the hypothesis between the steps and status. For HR vs. energy measuring ( r = -0.40, P lt ; 0.05 ) . This means that there is a negative important correlativity between the two measurings. There is non important correlativity between HR vs. tenseness measurings ( r = 0.02, P gt ; 0.05 ) . Participant with higher bosom rate have lower tenseness step. There was no important correlativity between GSR vs. energy steps ( r = 0.20, P gt ; 0.05 ) . This means participants GSR were lower and energy was significantly higher. Besides GSR vs. tenseness shows no important correlativity ( r = -0.24, P gt ; 0.05 ) . Energy vs. tenseness ( r = -0.09, P gt ; 0.05 ) . This means that there was no important correlativity between the 2 steps. Exercise status: There is no important difference between the steps of HR vs. GSR under the exercising status ( r = 0.15. P gt ; 0.05 ) , every bit good as for the undermentioned measuring under the same status: HR and energy ( r = 0.11, P gt ; 0.05 ) , HR and tenseness ( r = 0.30, P gt ; 0.05 ) . The relationship between GSR and energy and tenseness for exercising status was besides examined, the result shows there is no important for these measurings, GSR and energy ( r = 0.11, P gt ; 0.05 ) , and GSR and tenseness ( r = 0.31, P gt ; 0.05 ) . There are no important differences between the two steps, energy vs. tenseness ( r = -0.03, P gt ; 0.05 ) . Virtual environment status: There was no important correlativity between the steps variables across practical environment status: HR vs. GSR ( r = 0.19, P gt ; 0.05 ) , HR vs. energy ( r = 0.22, P gt ; 0.05 ) , HR vs. tenseness ( r = 0.06, P gt ; 0.05 ) . There are no important differences between the two steps, GSR vs. energy ( r = 0.15, P gt ; 0.05 ) , and GSR vs. tenseness ( r = -0.18, P gt ; 0.05 ) . Energy vs. tenseness ( r = 0.03, P gt ; 0.05 ) . This means that there was no important correlativity between the 2 steps across this status. Hypothesis 2- there would be a important difference within the 4 steps: Heart Rate steps: There is a highly important difference within the 4 steps groups in their conditions ( F ( 2,56 ) = 108.33, P lt ; .01 ) . The relaxation HR mean ( M = 76.97 ) , exercise HR ( M = 120.69 ) , and practical environment HR ( 78.05 ) . None of the 4 steps differed from one another with related t-tests when a bonferroni accommodation was made for the figure of comparings . GSR steps: The ANOVA showed that there is no important within the 4 steps groups in their conditions ( F ( 2,56 ) = 1.38, P gt ; .05 ) . Looking at the tests of between-subjects effects table we can see that there is a important difference between the 4 steps ( F ( 1,28 ) = 7.12, P lt ; .01 ) . The agency of the 4 steps ( relaxation GSR mean ( M = 2.99 ) , exercise GSR ( M = 4.16 ) , and practical environment GSR ( 0.86 ) ) are illustrated in the line chart below and supply our apprehension of the relationship between the 4 steps and 3 conditions. Energy steps: We would reason that there is a important difference in the energy steps of the 3 conditions ( F ( 2,56 ) = 16.35, P lt ; .01 ) . The relaxation energy mean ( M = 9.03 ) , exercise energy ( M = 14.52 ) , and practical environment energy ( 11.86 ) . None of the 4 steps differed from one another with related t-tests when a bonferroni accommodation was made for the figure of comparings . Tension steps: There is a important difference at 5 % degree in the tenseness steps of the conditions ( F ( 2,56 ) = 3.53, P lt ; .05 ) . The relaxation tenseness mean ( M = 7.17 ) , exercise tenseness ( M = 8.00 ) , and practical environment tenseness ( 9.00 ) . None of the 4 steps differed from one another with related t-tests when a bonferroni accommodation was made for the figure of comparings . Hypothesis 3- important correlativities between the 3 conditions: Relaxation status: A related analysis showed an overall important consequence for the relaxation status ( F ( 3,84 ) = 520.90, P lt ; .01 ) . By comparing the means steps under this status we besides found that the HR different from GSR, energy A ; tenseness ( p = 0.001 ) . The agencies steps for GSR and energy ( p = 0.001 ) and tenseness ( p = 0.067 ) . The average steps for energy A ; tenseness ( p = 0.257 ) . The average difference is important at the.05 degree. Exercise status: There is a statistical important difference in the exercising status ( F ( 3,84 ) = 579.41, P lt ; .01 ) . The agencies steps by status besides showed a important difference on both degrees ( .01 A ; .05 degree ) . Virtual Environment status: A related analysis showed an overall highly important consequence for the practical environment status ( F ( 3,84 ) = 979.55, P lt ; .01 ) . There is a significantly difference between the agencies steps, HR vs.GSR, HR vs. energy, A ; HR vs. tenseness ( p = 0.001 ) . GSR vs. energy A ; GSR vs. tenseness ( p = 0.001 ) . Energy vs. tenseness ( p = 0.018 ) . Overall the agency for the 4 steps differed. Discussion The consequences of the present probe suggest that exercising baseline steps may non be brooding of energy and tenseness as tenseness was at lower degrees prior to exert than they were recorded instantly after. Energy nevertheless did increase significantly across the conditions. This form follows the expected form of consequences where exercising increased tenseness during exercising, and resulted in positive affectional alterations ( Thayer, 1987b ) . However, the typical decrease in anxiousness ( tenseness ) was non evidenced. This may be due to the possibility of a delayed Anxiety relieve consequence that may take longer than 3 proceedingss ( Bartholomew, 1999 ) , and that higher strengths may really promote tenseness for a clip period ( Ekkekakis A ; Petruzzello, 1999 ) as the average strength during exercising was comparatively high. To acquire a true step of the consequence of exercising on affect, it seems that we should see participants overall affectional forms in add-on to those before steps and after an exercising stimulation. In this mode, it might be possible to better understand the nature of the consequence of exercising on affectional provinces. The of import consequences obtained from the AD-ACL steps clearly show that the relationship between the conditions is suitably considered in the context of each participant s transeunt degree of rousing. The determination that introverted participants with a high degree of General Activation ( energy ) conditions less than those with a low degree of High Activation ( tenseness ) is implicative grounds that introverted participants may be given to be over-aroused. Among extrovert participants, high degrees of General Activation ( energy ) eased public presentation, proposing possibly that they tended, if anything to be under-aroused. Finally, the findings of this research are limited in their generalisable as the exercising session involved group activity and a healthy and active university-aged sample, every bit good as some informations been removed due to incomplete. The demand to supervise physiological responses during the conditions may besides hold influenced the mode in which participants approached this undertaking.